A twodimensional schematic of an amorphous polymer is shown at the right. Uses of polymers structure, types and characteristics of. Polymer, any of a class of natural or synthetic substances composed of very large molecules that are multiples of simpler chemical units. Vernon and his colleagues discovered the shape memory properties of polymers, reported in a 1941 paper. Synthetic polymers are those which are humanmade polymers. In this experiment, you will explore a class of chemical compounds known as polymers. We use polymers every day, for example in the form of plastics, coatings and paper, and in products such as nappies and shampoos. Polymers are made through polymerization reactions where molecules called. Polymers are very large molecules that are made up of thousands to millions of atoms that form a sequence of repeat units. Natural polymers such as starch, xanthan or guar gum, carrageenan, alginates, polysaccharides, pectin, gelatin, agar, and cellulose derivatives can be used for this purpose.
Polyamides and polyesters form strong hydrogen bonds between the polymer chains that keep the polymer molecules oriented, as shown in the figure below. Polymer is defined as a chemical substance of a high molecular mass formed by the combination of a large number of simple molecules, called monomers. I structure and properties of polymers pavel kratochvil encyclopedia of life support systems eolss are molding, blowing, calendering, casting, extrusion, foaming, spinning of fibers, etc. Polymers consist of large molecules made up of repeating structural units. A polymer is shaped into hard and tough utility articles by the application of heat and pressure. Polymers classification, types, uses, properties, polymerization. Polymers play a vital role in any dosage form as excipients.
There are polymers made by polymerizing a mixture of two or more monomers. We use synthetic polymers in our everyday lives from clothing, storage, from construction materials to toys for kids. Uses of polymers polypropene has a broad range of usage in industries such as stationery, textiles, packaging, plastics, aircraft, construction, rope, toys. Most is vulcanized and used in tire production though some is used for bubblegum unvulcanised. Common perception is that all plastics are polymers and this is the main use of polymers. Polyethylene, pvc, nylon and sealing wax are examples of thermoplastic polymers. Natural polymers include such materials as silk, shellac, bitumen, rubber, and cellulose. Artificial rubbers are made from butadiene and other monomers and have many uses. Polymers are used in everyday products such as disposable nappies image courtesy of sca svenska cellulosa aktiebolaget. Polymers have a major role in most areas of restorative dentistry. Such polymers exhibit mechanical strength only when macromolecules have a chain length greater than about 150 to 200 atoms in line.
Major industrial polymers, chemical compounds used in the manufacture of synthetic industrial materials. Applications of polymers as pharmaceutical excipients in. Polymers have many original properties that can be further improved by a deep range of additives to increase their uses and applications. Another major type of polymeric dental material is the composite filling material for anterior teeth.
Structure of polymers the time has come, the walrus said, to talk of many things. Polyethylene is considered to be as one of the simplest polymer, it has ethene or ethylene as the monomer unit whereas the linear polymer is known as the high density polyethylenehdpe. Polymers formed by a straightforward linking together of monomer units, with no loss or gain of material, are called addition polymers or chaingrowth polymers. It is used in the manufacture of tyre,cords, fabrics, and ropes. Applications of polymers, elastomers, fibers and composites. Introduction and applications of conducting polymers notes. Organic polymers are normally insulators, it can be presumed that conducting polymers must have an unusual structure. The lower molecular weight polymers are quite soft and gummy resins, but they are brittle to impact at fairly low temperatures.
Degree of polymerization dp is used to calculate the average molecular weight of polymer. Inorganic polymers not based on the carbon atom include glass with its siliconoxygen framework and other silicates as in granite and agate. The aim of this article is to provide a wide angle prospect of the different uses of pharmaceutical polymers in. Of shoesand shipsand sealingwax of cabbagesand kings lewis carroll, through the looking glass 1872 shoes, ship, sealing wax, cabbage, and a king the many things listed by the walrus are actually very similar in chemical composition. Also when polymers are burned toxic gases are released. A listing of some important addition polymers and their monomer precursors is presented in the following table.
Some polymers, on the other hand, undergo some chemical change on heating and convert themselves into an infusible mass. They are broadly classified in three categories viz. We have tried to give a brief information on polymers. Polymer chains with branches or irregular pendant groups cannot pack together regularly enough to form crystals. Instrument panels, armrests, interior trim panels, seat belt retainers, glove compartment doors, and lift gates. Polymers are produced on an industrial scale primarily, although not exclu sively, for use as structural materials. Polymers polymers are the giant molecules of chemistry. Synthetic polymers what are polymers types and uses of. Rubbers elastomers are then discussed, follo w ed by condensation pol ymers and ther mosetting pol ymers. Pdf applications of polymers, elastomers, fibers and. Harris wright state university, dayton, oh 45435 polymers are extremely large molecules that are essential to our very existence.
Some common uses of synthetic polymers include plastic containers of all shapes and sizes. Synthetic polymers types and examples polymer uses. For instance, the different polymers may allow increased solubility, swellability, viscosity, biodegradability, advanced coatings, ph dependency, mucodhesion, and inhibition of crystallization. Water soluble polymers for industrial water treatment. Amorphous regions of a polymer are made up of a randomly.
List of polymers with their uses is helpful in the academic and competitive exam preparations which will also enhance your knowledge. Linear polymers these polymers consist of long and straight chains. Polymers polymer applications demand for functional polymer films for applications such as barrier packaging, retortable packaging, sustainable packaging, optics, window safety, and light control is creating new and higher standards for surface modification and adhesion. Advanced polymers for practical use lcps can also be used as a super barrier packaging material. The chapter concludes with a brief examination of the chemical proper ties of pol ymers. One of the most useful of the natural polymers was rubber, obtained from the sap. Graphene and graphene oxide and their uses in barrier polymers byung min yoo, hye jin shin, hee wook yoon, ho bum park department of energy engineering, hanyang university, seoul 3791, republic of korea correspondence to. Polymers metals in this section, there are units on all the major types of polymers made in large bulk, such as the polyalkenes, polyurethanes, acrylics, polycarbonates and silicones and which play such a large part in maintaining and improving our living standards. Natural polymers from the greek poly meaning many and meros meaning parts are found in many forms such as horns of animals, tortoise shell, shellac from the lac beetle, rosin from pine trees, asphalt, and tar from distillation of organic materials. Pdf applications of polymers, elastomers, fibers and composites. They are lightweight and economically less expensive than common traditional containers.
The double bonds in monomers break and they join to form a big molecule. In the commercial production of plastics, elastomers, manmade fibres, adhesives, and surface coatings, a tremendous variety of polymers are used. The application of superabsorbent polymers allows olive mill wastewater to be used as a fertilizer, as it is immobilized, increasing the biological activity that decreases its phytotoxicity, thus. They are a main constituent of our food starch, protein, etc. Review graphene and graphene oxide and their uses in. Their physical properties are partic ularly important in determining their usefulness, be it as rubber tires, sidings for buildings, or solid rocket fuels. The type of polymerization mechanism used depends on the type of functional groups attached to the reactants. A variety of synthetic polymers as plastic polythene, synthetic fibres nylon 6,6 and synthetic rubbers buna s are examples of manmade polymers extensively used in daily life as well as in industry. The use of polymers in the manufacture of plastic buckets, cups and saucers, childrens toys. Applications of polymers, elastomers, fibers and composites submitted to. Polymers that are not highly crosslinked have properties that depend. Removable dentures are made from acrylic resin and other polymers. Understand polymerization reactions with classification, structure, types, properties and uses of polymers. Present and future technological uses of conducting polymers are noted.
Polymer waste is a serious burden for the environment because common organisms. This fact immediately brings to mind the diverse uses like household goods, packaging products in rigid and flexible forms, automotive and. You will synthesize and modify polymers, test their properties and use a fabrication technique to produce an object from a polymer. Addition polymers are a type of polymer in which all the monomers are unsaturated or to simply to say are alkenes. Conducting polymers and their applications article pdf available in current physical chemistry 23. Jan, 2020 shape memory polymers were first conceived back in the 1940s when l. The influencing capacity of polymers towards the drug release and should be compatible, nontoxic, and stable and economic etc.
By using lcps as thin high barrier layers, their properties can prevent oxygen from deteriorating the taste. An example is styrenebutadiene rubber sbr which is a copolymer of butadiene and styrene. Pdf polymers are widely used advanced materials, which are found almost in every. Characteristics, applications and properties of polymers. Bassam ibrahim khalil introduction of polymers polymer the word polymer is the greek word. The polymers are substances with a seemingly endless range of features and colors. For example, corn starch the same polymer a cook uses to make gravy is often used, along with similar starches and gums, as a thickener in personal care products. Present and potential future uses of polymers by the navy get this book visit nap.
Shorter chains produce oils or crystalline solids, such as paraffin. These polymers possess intermolecular forces of attraction intermediate between elastomers and fibres. Following this, two decades later scientists began using covalently crosslinked polyethylenes within heatshrinkable tubing and film, representing the next milestone in. Due to their broad range of properties, both synthetic and natural polymers play essential and ubiquitous roles in everyday life. Polymers are all created by the process of polymerization wherein their constituent elements called monomers, are reacted together to form polymer chains i. Polymers make up many of the materials in living organisms, and they constitute the basis of certain minerals and humanmade materials, such as paper and plastics.
General properties and applications of thermoplastics. However, the majority of polymers or plastics used for engineering design are synthetic and often they are specifically formulated or designed by chemists or chemical engineers to serve a specific purpose. Polymers are those which consists of repeated structural units known as monomers. The small buildingblock molecules are called monomers. They make up about 80% of the organic chemical industry with products produced at approximately 150 kg of polymers per person annually in the united states. The chemical based classification will be used in this essay. Chemistry notes for class 12 chapter 15 polymers the word polymer has a greek origin. The most widely used impression materials are elastomeric polymers. On a volumetric basis, current annual usage of polymers. This is partly due to their oxygen transmission levelsix to eight times higher than ethylene vinyl alcohol under humid conditions. Synthetic polymers are a mainstay of modern life, but nature also makes polymers. Some of the most commercially important addition polymers are the copolymers.
Polymers are everywhere around us and we tried to show a glimpse of polymers applications which are commonly used in our lives like plastics nylon and day to day used commodities. There are three different types based on the structure of the polymers. Addition polymers most of the polymers made are of the addition type. The polymer is a long chain molecule which is formed by joining many small molecules called monomers. List of some common manmade polymers and their uses. Today, polymers are commonly used in thousands of products as plastics, elastomers, coatings, and adhesives. Polymers can be used to produced to mimic cotton, silk, and wool fibers.
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